The.CO2List.org - Amounts of CO₂ Released when Making & Using Products

	1 - Food
	2 - Other Home Items
	3 - Materials
	4 - Wood
	5 - Roads
	6 - Services
	7 - Transport
	8 - Fuels
	9 - Land Clearance

This list may confirm what you know, or may surprise you.
CO₂ is not caused by others, it is caused by our choices: Heating & cooling; Buying products; Red meat versus chicken and grain; Cars and planes versus buses, trains, driving slowly and staying home. Read more below.

CO2LIST.ORG	KILOS OF CO2	POUNDS OF CO₂	UNITS OF MEASURE FOR EACH ITEM		What is the answer? Solutions are discussed at http://Your.CO2List.org
Home	KILOS OF CO2	POUNDS OF CO₂	UNITS OF MEASURE FOR EACH ITEM		Complete sources and calculations are at xls.CO2List.org
Bold shows some interesting items	(includes effect of other greenhouse gases)		(We and most others measure CO₂ by weight. Its size varies, so it can't be measured in volume. For other items we pick appropriate units, shown below.)		Data from US, except when the following symbols appear:
	(includes effect of other greenhouse gases)				‡ Data are from UK
					† Data are from Australia
					France has data (in English) for many items, not yet incorporated here.
					Contact us 16 March 2012
CO₂ POUNDS RELEASED WHILE MAKING PRODUCTS
1 - FOOD	KILOS OF CO2	POUNDS OF CO2		Pounds of CO₂ per 500 Calories (this is 1/4 of a daily 2,000-Calorie diet)	Sweden labels individual food items
Red meat	22	22	Pounds CO₂ per pound of product, or Kilos of CO2 per kilo of product	12	92% from production of animals & their feed, including N2O & methane. Remainder is transport of inputs & meat, and selling. (interesting article by former Texas Ag Commissioner http://jimhightower.com/node/6901)
Chicken, fish, eggs	6	6		4	81% from production of feed & meat
Dairy	4	4		6	91% from production of feed & animals
Cereals, carbohydrates	3	3		1.5	75% from production of crops
Fruit, vegetables	2	2		4	74% from production of crops
Oils, sweets, condiments	2	2		0.5	74% from production of crops
Balanced Diet				1.7	USDA Food Guide: 53% carbohydrate, 29% oils, 18% protein (here protein is chicken, fish, eggs)
					http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/Publications/DietaryGuidelines/2005/2005DGPolicyDocument.pdf
	Source: Weber & Matthews 2008 "Food-Miles and the Relative Climate Impacts of Food Choices in the United States" based on Carnegie-Mellon's Input-Output model of the US economy, eiolca.net.				http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es702969f
	Farm products (food, cloth, leather, biofuels) release greenhouse gases from (a) energy used to manufacture artificial fertilizer, (b) fossil fuel in making and running farm and transport equipment, (c) fixing N₂ in the soil, and then releasing some as N₂O, a greenhouse gas (p.61 of IEA 2004 Biofuels for Transport				http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2004/biofuels2004.pdf
	and Crutzen et al. 2008 "N₂O Release...",				http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/389/2008/acp-8-389-2008.html
	and Davidson 2012 "Representative concentration pathways...")				http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/7/2/024005/article
	(d) methane (CH₄) created in animal stomachs and intestines, (e) deforestation when fields expand. Another thorough discussion is ICSU's				http://icsu.org/
	2009 report on Biofuels, particularly chapters 6 on land use and 5 on greenhouse gases.				http://cip.cornell.edu/biofuels/
Potato chips‡	2.2	2.2			Mostly from growing crops: N₂O from nitrogen-fixing bacteria, fuel
Orange Juice (high)‡	1.4	1.4
Orange Juice (low)	0.9	0.9	pounds CO₂ per pound of product		The figures in the section above are larger, and come from a much more complete methodology.
Bottled smoothie‡	1.1	1.1	kilos CO₂ per kilo of product
Potato, Organic new‡	0.29	0.29
Potato, not organic‡	0.24	0.24
	Sources: Carbon Trust, a UK nonprofit, has a summary				http://www.carbon-label.com/individuals/product.html
	and Report CTC744.				http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/Publicsites/cScape.CT.PublicationsOrdering/PublicationAudit.aspx?id=CTC744
	US Orange juice is from a Pepsico study reported in the NY Times.				http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/business/22pepsi.html/
2-Other Home Items	Kilos CO2	Pounds CO2			Spreadsheet has complete sources and calculations
Personal computer	61	61	Pounds CO2 per pound of product, or Kilos of CO2 per kilo of product
Tires	4.4	4.4			Another 3 pounds released if tires are burned at the end of their life. So 80 pounds CO₂ to make a 20-pound tire, and 60 more pounds if it is incinerated.
Phone books	2.7	2.7
Textbooks	2.4	2.4
Newspapers	2.1	2.1			making 36 pages releases 1 pound (9 sheets of broadsheet paper), printing is additional
Magazines & bulk mail	1.9	1.9
Office paper	1.1	1.1			making 88 sheets of 20# 8.5"x11" releases 1 pound of CO₂, printing additional
Corrugated cardboard	1.0	1.0
	Sources: EPA 2006, p.24, column g, chapter 2 in				http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/downloads/chapter2.pdf
	"Raw materials Acquisition and Manufacturing" in Solid Waste Management and Greenhouse Gases: A Life-Cycle Assessment of Emissions and Sinks. Includes transport to retailer & emissions abroad. They analyze recycling, including average energy used to collect & transport the recyclables as well as to make products from them. Report gives pounds of Carbon equivalent, converted here to CO2.				http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/reports.html
	The above figures on paper may be overestimates, since paper may sequester as much CO2 as its manufacture and disposal releases, even counting the methane released from slow decomposition in landfills: NCASI. 2007 "The Greenhouse Gas and Carbon Profile of the Global Forest Products Industry" p.22				http://www.ncasi.org/Publications/Detail.aspx?id=2952
Shampoo‡	0.592	0.6	Pounds CO2 per pound of product, or Kilos of CO2 per kilo of product		Hot water uses much more; shown at the end of "Services," in bright yellow below
Sweatshirt‡	2.5	5.5
Polo shirt‡	1.1	2.4	per shirt
T-shirt‡	0.6	1.3
Incandescent bulb, 100w‡	0.6	1.2			Making & delivering bulb, not use. CFL gives much less CO₂ per hour of use: It lasts 6 times as long & uses 1/4 the power
Incandescent bulb, 60w‡	0.3	0.7	per bulb
Compact fluorescent bulb, 20w‡	1.4	3.2
Compact fluorescent bulb, 11w‡	0.3	0.7
Tablet laundry detergent‡	0.3	0.7	per wash		If you heat the water, it releases more CO2 than making the detergent. A basic (http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/technologies/eep_clothes_washers.html) 3-cubic foot washer uses 31 gallons of water. Heating half this water (for wash cycle) to 140oF or 170oF (see below) would release 3 pounds CO2 from a gas water heater (6-8 pounds CO2 from electric). Either dwarfs the CO2 from detergent. The most efficient washer uses 60% less water (12 gallons), so 60% less energy and CO2, but still at least a pound of CO2, which is more than making the detergent. Further discussion is at http://Your.CO2List.org
Powder laundry detergent‡	0.2	0.5
Liquid laundry detergent: capsule or not‡	0.2	0.4
Super concentrated liquid laundry detergent‡	0.1	0.2
	Sources: Carbon Trust, a UK nonprofit, has a summary				http://www.carbon-label.com/individuals/product.html
	and Report CTC744.				http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/Publicsites/cScape.CT.PublicationsOrdering/PublicationAudit.aspx?id=CTC744
House	340	70	per square foot built in US, per square meter in US		1997 (This is for construction. Lifetime consumption is also significant.) http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/18/business/energy-environment/18codes.html
House	68,000	150,000	per new house in US
House†	54,000	120,000	per new house in Australia		Constructing average Australian house: 21% of CO₂ is from Concrete, 14% Steel, 14% Plastic, 10% Masonry, 8% Ceramics (tiles), 6% Plaster, 5% Glass and 22% other.
	Sources: US data based on $67 per square foot and 2,140 square feet per new house sold (Census),				http://www.census.gov/const/C25Ann/soldmedavgppsf.pdf
	and 1.3 lb CO2 per 1997 dollar (Weber+Matthews).				http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es0629110
	Australian data come from Government and design and construction industries. Australia reports units of energy, which we converted to CO2 assuming a 3:1 ratio of natural gas to diesel in generating the energy.				http://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs52.html
	Treloar's study of Australian roads provides an estimate of CO₂ per unit of energy which would be 9% higher.				http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/sustainable/refs/lca/Treloar.pdf
Car	9,000	20,000	per Chevy Trailblazer SUV		4, 7 & 5 pounds CO2 per pound of vehicle, respectively, or kilo per kilo. Buying a 40mpg car and stopping use of an old 30mpg car takes 113,000 miles to pay back the 22,000 pounds manufacturing CO2. You would save more CO2 by using the rest of the life of the old car, while cutting miles per year and speed. Cutting miles 20% cuts CO2 20%. Cutting speed from 65mph to 52mph cuts CO2 another 10% (http://Your.CO2List.org)
	10,000	22,000	per Toyota Camry sedan
	12,000	26,000	per Ford F series pickup
	Sources: Chester, 2008, Life-cycle Environmental Inventory of Passenger Transportation in the United States (http://repositories.cdlib.org/its/ds/UCB-ITS-DS-2008-1) based on Carnegie-Mellon's Input-Output model of the US economy, eiolca.net.				http://repositories.cdlib.org/its/ds/UCB-ITS-DS-2008-1
	Consistent figures are in: Argonne National Laboratory: Stodolsky, Vyas, Cuenca and Gaines 1995 "Life-Cycle Energy Savings Potential from Aluminum-Intensive Vehicles"				http://www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/TA/106.pdf
	and Sightline, a Seattle nonprofit, Williams-Derry 2007 "Increases in greenhouse-gas emissions from highway-widening projects"				http://www.sightline.org/research/energy/res_pubs/analysis-ghg-roads
3 - MATERIALS	Kilos CO2	Pounds CO2			Spreadsheet has complete sources and calculations
Iron & steel	1.6	3.6	per US $ 1997 (only CO₂, not other greenhouse gases)		5.7 Canada, 6.4 Mexico, 7.2 China, 7.8 Japan, 1.0 Korea, 5.9 UK, 6.9 Germany, all in pounds of co2 per 1997 US dollar. Source: Carnegie-Mellon's Input-Output model of the US economy, with comparisons to other countries' Input-Output models, Weber & Matthews 2007, "Embodied Environmental Emissions in US International Trade." http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es0629110
Steel	4.0	4.0
Copper†	5.5	5.5
Aluminum (low)		1.9
Aluminum (high)	9.2	9.2	Pounds CO2 per pound of product, or		0.28 pounds CO2 per 12 oz. aluminum can This may be an underestimate if they assume zero emissions for hydropower, which is often used for aluminum, and has emissions from construction & deforestation.
Carpet	4.4	4.4	Kilos CO₂ per kilo of product
PVC/3\ plastic†	4.4	4.4
Acrylic paint†	3.4	3.4	Recycling saves 90% of the CO₂ released by making aluminum and plastic; 40% for glass, steel, paper.
LDPE/4\ plastic	2.5	2.5
HDPE/2\ plastic	2.0	2.0			0.3 pounds CO₂ per gallon jug for water or milk 0.5 for heavier gallon jug for vinegar 0.03 for disposable grocery bag (0.003 after recycling)
PET/1\ plastic	2.3	2.3			0.15 pounds CO₂ per 12 oz. plastic bottle 0.8 per gallon jug
Glass	0.6	0.6			0.38 pounds CO₂ per 12 oz. glass bottle 1.8 per gallon jug
Granite, imported†	0.8	0.8			180 pounds CO₂ per 8' of countertop
Granite, local†	0.33	0.33			80 pounds CO₂ per 8' of countertop
Bricks†	0.14	0.14			0.6 pounds CO₂ per standard brick
Concrete blocks†	0.08	0.08			25 pounds CO₂ per 8x8x16 block
	Source of US data: EPA 2006, p.24, column g, chapter 2:				http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/downloads/chapter2.pdf
	"Raw materials Acquisition and Manufacturing" in Solid Waste Management and Greenhouse Gases: A Life-Cycle Assessment of Emissions and Sinks. Includes transport to retailer & emissions abroad. They analyze recycling, including average energy used to collect & transport the recyclables as well as to make products from them. Report gives pounds of Carbon equivalent, converted here to CO2.				http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/reports.html
	Also EPA 2002. Source of Australian data, marked †, Australian Government and design and construction industries (http://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs52.html). Info on kinds of plastic and recycling is at Earth911.com/				http://www.nrc-recycle.org/Data/Sites/1/Climate%20Change/EPAStudySolidWasteandGHG.pdf
	Source of Australian data, marked †, Australian Government and design and construction industries (http://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs52.html). Info on kinds of plastic and recycling is at Earth911.com/				http://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs52.html
	Info on kinds of plastic and recycling is at				http://Earth911.com/
Concrete, direct and indirect	800	1,400	per cubic yard, including indirect effects, kg per cubic meter		Includes calcining, fuel, quarrying, suppliers, placement, etc.
Concrete, direct (high)	500	900	per cubic yard, depends on strength, kg per cubic meter
Concrete, direct (low)	200	400	per cubic yard, depends on strength, kg per cubic meter		DIRECT manufacturing only, including calcining
Portland Cement, direct (high)	0.8	1.4	pounds CO2 per pound of cement or kilos CO2 per kilo of cement (60% of this is from chemical process; 40% from energy used)
Portland Cement, direct (low)	0.5	0.9
	Sources: Data with indirect effects come from Chester, 2008, Life-cycle Environmental Inventory of Passenger Transportation in the United States based on Carnegie-Mellon's Input-Output model of the US economy, eiolca.net.				http://repositories.cdlib.org/its/ds/UCB-ITS-DS-2008-1
	Direct effects of cement manufacture come from Portland Cement Association Technical Brief				http://www.concretethinker.com/technicalbrief/Concrete-Cement-CO2.aspx
	and from Altshuler 2007 "Lowering the Carbon Footprint When Using the WafflematTM System for Concrete Slab Foundations"				http://www.pacifichousingsystems.com/images/Lowering_CO2_with_Wafflemat_Whitepaper.pdf
	Portland cement is made by heating Calcium Carbonate, CaCO3, to break it into CaO (major ingredient of cement) and CO2 (released). This heating and chemical breakdown is called calcining, and is included here. Direct effects of concrete manufacture use the CO2 estimate for cement along with the strength and cement proportions of concrete from several sources: p.88 of Portland Cement Association 1988 Design & Control of Concrete Mixtures;
	San Jose CA bid specifications;				http://www.sanjoseca.gov/publicWorks/Details_Specs/documents/Section_90_Portland_Cement_Concrete_000.pdf
	and Treloar, Love & Crawford, 2004, "Hybrid Life-Cycle Inventory for Road Construction and Use"				http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/sustainable/refs/lca/Treloar.pdf
Drywall/plasterboard	0.23568251	0.24	Pounds CO2 per pound of product, or Kilos of CO2 per kilo of product		12 pounds CO₂ per 4x8x half inch sheet. Based on: Surace 2007 "How Green Is Your Drywall?"
					http://cleantech.com/news/1704/how-green-is-your-drywall
					Same result from Australian Government and design and construction industries
					http://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs52.html
4 - WOOD	Kilos CO2	Pounds CO2			Spreadsheet has complete sources and calculations
Plywood†	0.57	0.57	pounds CO₂ per pound of product		23 pounds CO₂ per 4x8x half inch sheet
Particleboard†	0.44	0.44	kilos CO₂ per kilo of product
Lumber, construction	0.19	0.19			1.8 pounds CO₂ per 2x4x8'
Hardwood, kiln dried†	0.11	0.11
Hardwood, air dried†	0.03	0.03
	Sources: Australian Government and design and construction industries.				http://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs52.html
	US data from EPA 2006, p.24, column g, chapter 2: "Raw materials Acquisition and Manufacturing"				http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/downloads/chapter2.pdf
	The above figures may be overestimates, since wood may sequester as much CO₂ as its manufacture and eventual disposal releases: NCASI. 2007 "The Greenhouse Gas and Carbon Profile of the Global Forest Products Industry" p.22				http://www.ncasi.org/Publications/Detail.aspx?id=2952
5 - ROADS	Kilos CO2	Pounds CO2			Spreadsheet has complete sources and calculations
Full-depth asphalt road†	1,200,000	4,300,000	Pounds per lane mile (40 years expected life. Definitions given in source.), or Kilos per lane-kilometer		0.06 pound CO₂ per passenger mile
Continuously reinforced concrete road†	1,100,000	3,900,000
Plain concrete road†	900,000	3,300,000			0.05 pound CO₂ per passenger mile, at 5,000 trips per lane per day
Composite, asphalt, and concrete road†	900,000	3,300,000
Deep-strength asphalt road†	800,000	2,900,000			0.04 pound CO₂ per passenger mile, at 5,000 trips per lane per day
Deep-strength asphalt on bounded subbase road†	800,000	2,900,000
Asphaltic concrete on bounded subbase road†	500,000	1,900,000			0.05 pound CO₂ per passenger mile
Granular road (thin asphalt over compacted earth)†	300,000	900,000	Pounds of CO₂ per lane mile (20 years expected life), or kg/km		0.02 pound CO₂ per passenger mile
	Sources: Treloar, Love & Crawford, 2004, "Hybrid Life-Cycle Inventory for Road Construction and Use"				http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/sustainable/refs/lca/Treloar.pdf
	See higher estimates for Korean roads: Park, Hwang, Seo and Seo 2003, "Quantitative Assessment of Environmental Impacts on Life Cycle of Highways"				http://www.lcarc.re.kr/Korean/staff%20list/papers/ASCE_2003.pdf
Interstate highway	600,000	2,000,000	Pounds of CO₂ per lane mile (Includes calcining of concrete; pavement widths given in source), or kg/km
Arterial road	400,000	1,500,000
Collector street	300,000	1,200,000
Local urban street	300,000	900,000
Local rural street	200,000	700,000
	Source: Chester, 2008, Life-cycle Environmental Inventory of Passenger Transportation in the United States based on Carnegie-Mellon's Input-Output model of the US economy, eiolca.net				http://repositories.cdlib.org/its/ds/UCB-ITS-DS-2008-1
CO₂ POUNDS RELEASED BY DAILY OPERATIONS
6 - SERVICES	Kilos CO2	Pounds CO2	Spreadsheet has complete sources and calculations
Mail a postcard (USPS)	0.03	0.06	Pounds of CO₂ per postcard
Mail a letter (USPS)	0.04	0.09	Pounds of CO₂ per letter		Getting 11 letters per month releases a pound of CO₂
Mail a package (USPS)	0.77221435	0.8	Pounds of CO₂ per pound of package mailed or kilos per kilo		Getting a 21-ounce package releases a pound of CO₂ (freight, buildings, etc.)
	Source: Logistics Management Institute, Canes "2001 GHG Emissions of the US Postal Service." (copy in link at left). US Postal Service (USPS) paid for this study of CO2 primarily from buildings, delivery and long distance transport, from 1985-2001.				http://Your.CO2List.org
Government & defense	0.06	0.1	Pounds of CO₂ per US $ 1997 (only CO₂, not other greenhouse gases)		0.8 Canada, 0.2 Mexico, 1.3 China, 0.5 Japan, 0.2 Korea, 0.4 UK, 0.5 Germany, all in pounds of CO₂ per US $ 1997 at purchasing power parities (PPP).
Government†	0.56	1.2	per AU $ taxes or fees
Finance or Insurance	0.11	0.2	per US $ 1997 (only CO₂,)		0.5 Canada, 0.2 Mexico, 0.8 China, 0.2 Japan, 0.1 Korea, 0.2 UK, 0.2 Germany
Finance or Insurance	0.11	0.2	per US $ 1997 (only CO₂,)		Includes CO₂ released by bank buildings, insurance offices, site visits, etc.
Web bank account‡	0.2	0.4	per bank account per year
General banking†	0.2	0.4	per AU $ interest or fees		For example 5% interest on $200,000 = $10,000 interest per year, releases 4,000 pounds CO₂
Insurance†	0.2	0.3	per AU $ premiums or fees
Health, social work	0.3	0.6	per US $ 1997 (only CO₂,)		0.5 Canada, 0.3 Mexico, 1.5 China, 0.6 Japan, 0.3 Korea, 0.3 UK, 0.4 Germany
Education	0.3	0.6	per US $ 1997 (only CO₂,)		0.7 Canada, na Mexico, 1.5 China, 0.3 Japan, 0.1 Korea, 0.3 UK, 0.4 Germany, Includes CO2 released by school buildings, buses, etc.
Real estate	0.4	0.8	per US $ 1997 (only CO₂,)		0.4 Canada, 0.2 Mexico, 0.8 China, 0.1 Japan, 0.1 Korea, 0.1 UK, 0.1 Germany
Hotels, restaurants	0.5	1.0	per US $ 1997 (only CO₂,)		1.0 Canada, 0.3 Mexico, 1.0 China, 0.7 Japan, 0.2 Korea, 0.3 UK, 0.8 Germany
Construction	0.6	1.3	per US $ 1997 (only CO₂,)		1.6 Canada, 1.8 Mexico, 2.9 China, 1.1 Japan, 0.4 Korea, 0.3 UK, 0.9 Germany
Construction	0.6	1.3	per US $ 1997 (only CO₂,)		See graph & spreadsheet
	Sources: Australian data are from Treloar.				http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/sustainable/refs/lca/Treloar.pdf
	US & others are from Weber & Matthews 2007, "Embodied Environmental Emissions in US International Trade" (http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es0629110) based on Carnegie-Mellon's EIOLCA.net model of the US economy, with comparisons to other countries' Input-Output models.				http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es0629110
	Other industries for these same countries are compared in graph				http://co2list.org/files/industries.htm
	and spreadsheet (bottom of "Countries" tab). In the EIOLCA.net model, Weber reports in a 16Ap'09 email that, "1) Process CO2 emissions [from calcining concrete] are included. 2) pipeline leakage methane is, but hydro reservoirs are not due to the aggregate electricity sector. 3) air travel is CO2 only due to the uncertainty in contrail effect. 4) LUC [Land Use Change] not included due to lack of data (but it can be included in such a model; the US inventory just doesn't allow us to do it with any resolution). 5) gas flaring is included."				http://xls.co2list.org/
Bake potatoes‡	1.025	1.03	Pounds of CO₂ per pound of potatoes or kilos per kilo		Baking anything generally takes more watts & more minutes than boiling or microwaving. Both estimates here involve cooking about 2 pounds of potatoes (just cook, not grow or deliver, which are in Food, section 1 above).
Microwave potatoes‡	0.28	0.28
Boil potatoes‡	0.24	0.24
	Source: Carbon Trust Report CTC744.				http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/Publicsites/cScape.CT.PublicationsOrdering/PublicationAudit.aspx?id=CTC744
Hot water	0.013	0.11	Pounds of CO₂ per gallon, gas heater, kg/liter		Heat water from temperature of pipes in the ground (50oF, 10C) to 105oF (40C). Each 5-minute shower with a water-saving 2.2gpm (8 liter/min) shower head (http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/procurement/eep_showerhead.html) releases 1-3 pounds (0.5-1.4kg) CO2 plus whatever it took to collect, treat & deliver the water.
Hot water	0.031	0.26	Pounds of CO₂ per gallon, electric heater, kg/liter
	Source: CO2 emissions from fuel data below. 105oF (40C) is a typical temperature of the mixed (hot+cold) water for a shower or handwashing. OSHA Technical Manual recommends 140oF (60C) in the heater to kill Legionella, and 122oF (50C) at the hot water faucets to minimize Legionella growth in the pipes while also minimizing scalding (Technical Manual Sec.III Ch.7 subsection V.C.3.a).				http://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm_iii/otm_iii_7.html#5
	A "tempering valve" at the tank can achieve both goals.				http://www.google.com/products?q=%22tempering+valve%22
	Washing machine temperatures are discussed with Appliances. The 140oF (60C) washing machine temperature discussed there can be achieved by bypassing the tempering valve.				http://Your.CO2List.org
	Wisconsin has a calculator to estimate water heater fuel use at various temperatures.				http://www.doa.state.wi.us/docs_view2.asp?docid=2249
7-Transport, Total CO₂	Kilos CO2	Pounds CO2	Includes manufacture & maintenance of vehicles, fuel, stations, roads, airports, ports, pipelines. Spreadsheet has complete sources and calculation
Car	0.50	1.8	Pounds of CO₂ per mile at 17 mpg, or kg per km at 7 kpl (14 liters/100km)		Note it would be half as much (per passenger mile) with 2 people in car, or 1/4 as much with 4 people in car. In either case, cutting miles 20% cuts CO2 20%. Cutting speed from 65mph to 52mph cuts CO2 another 10%. Further discussion is at http://Your.CO2List.org
Car	0.35	1.2	Pounds of CO₂ per mile at 28 mpg, or kg per km at 12 kpl (8 liters/100km)
Airplane	164	362	Pounds or kilos of CO₂ per passenger, per flight		Note exponential formula, which correctly increases emissions for long flights which have to carry a lot of fuel. It works out to362 pounds for taxiing, takeoff & landing in a short flight. It adds 0.9 pounds per mile for short flights, but 1.2 pounds per mile for a 4,000-mile flight or 3.3 pounds per mile for a 17,000-mile flight. Theory is at:
	+	+
	3268	7206
	× ((	× ((	Number on this row is raised to a power (miles or km): creating an exponential multiplier which adjusts emissions to the length of the flight
	1.0000791	1.000127
	^km) -1)	^miles) -1)			http://co2list.org/files/exp.htm
Airplane	104	230	Pounds or kilos of CO₂ per passenger, per flight		This is a simpler linear approximation, with a smaller constant per takeoff, but more per mile, than the exponential formula above.
	+	+
	0.34	1.20
	×km	×miles
Local bus	0.2	0.7	Pounds of CO₂ per passenger mile or kg per passenger-kilometer		Empty on much of route; stop & go.
Long distance bus	0.05	0.2			Routes are designed so buses are full
Commuter rail	0.11	0.4			Would be higher than direct measure below, but this commuter rail study covers only a few systems, with very high ridership, so low emissions per passenger mile
	Sources: Chester, 2008, Life-cycle Environmental Inventory of Passenger Transportation in the United States				http://repositories.cdlib.org/its/ds/UCB-ITS-DS-2008-1
	based on Carnegie-Mellon's Input-Output model of the US economy				http://eiolca.net
	For cars, the estimates include manufacture, refrigerant leaks, roads, etc. We slightly correct the CO2 from fuel to match EIA figures of 19.6 pounds CO2 per gallon of gas. The spreadsheet compares other sources with surprisingly consistent results,				http://xls.co2list.org/
	including Toyota				http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3012/is_2_185/ai_n12937459
	and Environmental Defense Fund.				http://www.edf.org/documents/3986_CAAutoCarbonBurden.pdf
	For air, Chester reports small, medium and large planes, typically used on short, medium and long trips. We add effects of NOX, water vapor & contrails, and fit an equation to show how emissions vary per mile. The spreadsheet compares our estimates to several other sources.				http://xls.co2list.org/
	An effect not included here is that contrails reduce the daily temperature range about 2oF by cooling the days and warming the nights. It is not clear how or whether this affects global warming.				http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v418/n6898/abs/418601a.html
	and				http://facstaff.uww.edu/travisd/pdf/jetcontrailsrecentresearch.pdf
Walking	0.19	0.69	Pounds of CO₂ per mile at 2-4 mph, or kg/km at 3-6 kph		Includes food to supply calories burned, and emissions from manufacturing shoes which last 400 miles. Walking includes building sidewalks for 50% of miles walked. Running does not include any particular surface.
Running	0.18	0.64	Pounds of CO₂ per mile at 6-11 mph, or kg/km at 10-18 kph
Bicycle	0.07	0.24	Pounds of CO₂ per mile (at 10-20 mph, or 30 mph in electric bicycle), or kg/km (at 16-32 kph, or 48kph electric)		Includes CO₂ from building bike lanes for 10% of distance traveled. Includes food to supply calories burned, and emissions from producing bike lane and bike (whose parts last weighted average of 20,000 miles or 32,000 km). Electric bike assumes 1,000 watts and 20% recharging loss.
Rail freight	0.020	0.06	Pounds of CO₂ per ton mile, or kg per tonne-kilometer
Inland water	0.021	0.07
Ocean shipping, container	0.014	0.05
Ocean shipping, bulk	0.011	0.04
Ocean shipping, tanker	0.007	0.02
Oil pipeline	0.016	0.05
Gas pipeline	0.18	0.58			includes gas leaks (methane) from pipeline
Truck	0.18	0.58
Air freight	0.7	2.2
	Source: Weber & Matthews 2008 "Food-Miles and the Relative Climate Impacts of Food Choices in the United States" based on Carnegie-Mellon's Input-Output model of the US economy, eiolca.net				http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es702969f
TRANSPORT, Direct Fuel	Kilos CO2	Pounds CO2	Omits manufacture & maintenance of vehicles, stations, railroads. Spreadsheet has complete sources and calculation
Power boat	3.4	12	Pounds of CO₂ per mile at 2 mpg, or kg/km at .85 kpl
Power boat	1.7	6	Pounds of CO₂ per mile at 4 mpg, or kg/km at 1.7 kpl
	Source: Boats range from less than half a mile per gallon to 11 miles per gallon. 2 - 4 mpg is a fairly common level.				http://fuel.boatwakes.org/
	There is a graph of mpg by speed for a variety of boats at				http://boatwakes.org/files/graph.htm
Commuter rail	0.11	0.4			National averages are nearly the same for local & long distance trains
Diesel trains (Amtrak)	0.12	0.4	Pounds of CO₂ per passenger mile, or kg/km
Electric trains (Amtrak)	0.09	0.3
	Source: M.J. Bradley & Associates 2007 for American Bus Association, Table 1.1 "Comparison of Energy Use & CO2 Emissions From Different Transportation Modes"				http://www.buses.org/files/ComparativeEnergy.pdf
8 - FUELS	Grams CO₂ per Megajoule	Pounds CO₂ per unit shown below	Grams per megajoule (MJ) are often used internationally to compare CO₂ for the same energy of different fuels. A MJ is small, just over a quarter of a kilowatt-hour (0.28). Divide the grams shown here by 126 to get pounds per kWh. Divide by 454 to get pounds per MJ. Divide by 1,000 to get kilos per MJ.
			Spreadsheet has complete sources and calculations.
			Figures include production, delivery losses, and deforestation, except where noted. Hydro, biofuels, wind & coal all release CO₂ by deforestation. Solar can avoid deforestation if placed on roofs and deserts.
			Electricity emits higher CO₂ for the same energy (per MJ) than other fuels, because of losses in generating & transmitting.
Electricity	230	1.8	per kilowatt hour delivered, US average		Includes CO2 from fossil fuels, hydroelectricity, nuclear, wind, solar. Further discussion and other countries are at http://Your.CO2List.org
Electricity	230	18	per US $ 2008		2008 prices & 2004 production methods, same sources as "per kWh" data above
Electricity	na	20	per US $ 1997		11 Canada, 13 Mexico, 15 China, 9 Japan, 7 Korea, 7 UK, 15 Germany, all in pounds of CO2 per US $ 1997 at purchasing power parities (PPP). Excludes deforestation and nuclear waste.
Nuclear	40	0.3	per kilowatt-hour delivered		Will rise when growth requires mining & enriching lower grade ores. We added $1 billion/year for 1,000 years of protection of radioactive waste (adds 1.4g/MJ). Further discussion is at Your.CO2List.org
	Sources: Basic data are from Battelle 6/2007 for US Dept. of Energy, Deru and Torcellini "Source Energy and Emission Factors."				http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990
	Prices by state are from EIA table 5.6.B.				http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/table5_6_b.html
	1997 data are from Carnegie-Mellon's EIOLCA.net model of the US economy, with comparisons to other countries' Input-Output models, Weber & Matthews 2007, "Embodied Environmental Emissions in US International Trade"				http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es0629110
	Nuclear data are from Storm van Leeuwen 2008 "Nuclear Power - the Energy Balance" and include a small allowance to mine a cavern for permanent storage.				http://www.stormsmith.nl/
	Further discussion is at				http://Your.CO2List.org
Solar panel: monocrystalline silicon	17	0.13	per kilowatt-hour delivered, if it produces electricity for 30 years		64 pounds CO₂ per square foot photovoltaic
Solar panel: multicrystalline silicon	16	0.13			58 pounds per square foot photovoltaic
Solar panel: ribbon silicon	14	0.11			42 pounds per square foot photovoltaic
Solar panel: cadmium telluride	8	0.06			20 pounds per square foot photovoltaic
	Source: Brookhaven National Laboratory, Columbia & Utrecht Universities, Fthenakis, Kim and Alsema 2008 "Emissions from Photovoltaic Life Cycles." Most CO2 emissions are from energy used during manufacture, and they can be reduced by using solar electricity instead of grid electricity.				http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es071763q
Wind Turbine	13	0.11	per kilowatt-hour delivered, if it produces electricity for 20 years		11,000,000 pounds per 1.8 megawatt turbine. Windmills take energy to manufacture the steel structure, concrete base, and transmission wires. If land is cleared to allow wind to reach the structure, that also releases CO₂. Also kills birds & bats
Hydroelectric (average weighted by power, primarily scrubland)	134	1.1	per kilowatt-hour delivered		Preliminary. Includes deforestation for reservoir. Reservoir also converts to methane some of the flooded carbon, as well as tributaries' carbon detritus, which would have just become CO₂ without the low oxygen conditions at the bottom of the reservoir. The higher numbers shown are from shallow tropical reservoirs which flood & decay large areas relative to the power generated; even so these are underestimates, since they omit construction, and gas released at turbines. Further discussion is at Your.CO2List.org
Hydroelectric (unweighted average of ecosystems)	446	3.5
Hydroelectric (in rain forest)	1575	12
	Source for wind turbines: Spreadsheet has partial estimates for the steel structure, concrete base and clearing a ridgetop location, as well as a couple of estimates from the wind industry.				http://xls.co2list.org/
	Source for hydroelectric: Farrer 2007 "Hydroelectric Reservoirs - the Carbon Dioxide and Methane Emissions of a 'Carbon Free' Energy Source"				http://www.up.ethz.ch/education/term_paper/termpaper_hs07/Farrer_rev_termpaper_hs07.pdf
	Further discussion is at				Your.CO2List.org
Anthracite coal	101	2.9			Note coal releases at least 40% more CO₂ than natural gas to create the same energy. Omits deforestation of mountain tops & valley fills.
Bituminous coal	104	2.9	per pound
Lignite	162	2.4
Natural gas	63	15	per 100 cubic feet or per therm		Some people are billed by cubic foot, some by therm (100,000 BTU). 100 cubic feet contain about one therm, Pipe leaks may not be fully covered by these figures. Leaks are particularly important, since natural gas is CH₄, methane, which is a much more powerful greenhouse gas than CO₂.
Diesel & heating oil	83	27	per gallon
Gasoline	83	24	per gallon		Go slow: 52 saves CO2
Gasoline	83	24			Go slow: 52 saves CO2
	Sources: Battelle 6/2007 for US Dept. of Energy, Deru and Torcellini "Source Energy and Emission Factors."				http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990
	European Union 2008 Well to Tank Report, pp.47-51,regularly updated.				http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/WTT%20App%202%20v30%20181108.pdf
	Study for GM by Argonne National Laboratory, BP, Exxon-Mobil & Shell 2001, fig.ES-1.4 Well-to-Wheel Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Advanced Fuel/Vehicle Systems				http://www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/TA/163.pdf
	or draft copy. Note this is just CO2 from the fuel; full impact of transport is above, at the heading "Transport."				http://www.cleanairnet.org/infopool/1411/articles-35722_well_wheel.pdf
Ethanol from corn in USA	119	35	per quantity of each fuel, having the same energy as one gallon of gas		Includes deforestation amortized over 100 years of production. Fields diverted from food to ethanol are replaced by clearing forests elsewhere for food
Ethanol from sugar cane in Brazil	69	20
Ethanol from corn in USA	72	21	per quantity of each fuel, having the same energy as one gallon of gas		Omits deforestation.
Ethanol from sugar cane in Brazil	15	4
Ethanol from sugar beets in EU	26	8
Biodiesel	15	4	per quantity of each fuel, having the same energy as one gallon of gas		Omits deforestation for palm oil plantations. Waste oils are too few for significant biodiesel production. Greenpeace says, "Using biofuels containing palm oil to tackle climate change is like using a can of petrol to put out a fire and would produce more carbon emissions than burning conventional fossil fuels." http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/forests/faq-palm-oil-forests-and-climate-change. Algal diesel emits N2O and methane, and only careful design can make CO2 effects less than diesel http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/7/1/014030/article
Biodiesel	76	22
Hydrogen in EU from natural gas	112	33	per quantity of hydrogen, having the same energy as one gallon of gas		Hydrogen is clean at point of use, but producing it uses more energy than it contains.
	Sources: Most data on biofuels and hydrogen come from European Commission Joint Research Centre 2008 Well to Tank Report, pp.47-51, regularly updated. The study includes greenhouse gases released in producing the fuels, but not deforestation.				http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/WTT%20App%202%20v30%20181108.pdf
	Deforestation is estimated from several sources, shown in spreadsheet.				http://xls.co2list.org
	Farm products (food, cloth, leather, biofuels) release greenhouse gases from (a) energy used to manufacture artificial fertilizer, (b) fossil fuel in making and running farm and transport equipment, (c) fixing N₂ in the soil, and then releasing some as N₂O, a greenhouse gas (p.61 of IEA 2004 Biofuels for Transport				http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2004/biofuels2004.pdf
	and Crutzen et al. 2008 "N₂O Release...")				http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/389/2008/acp-8-389-2008.html
	and Davidson 2012 "Representative concentration pathways..."				http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/7/2/024005/article
	(d) methane (CH₄) created in animal stomachs and intestines, (e) deforestation when fields expand. Another thorough discussion is ICSU's				http://icsu.org/
	2009 report on Biofuels, particularly chapters 6 on land use and 5 on greenhouse gases.				http://cip.cornell.edu/biofuels/
Propane, LPG	72	15
"Residual" Fuel Oil	90	28	per gallon
Kerosene, used by 99% of civilian planes	81	25
	Source: Battelle 6/2007 for US Dept. of Energy, Deru and Torcellini "Source Energy and Emission Factors.				http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990
"Aviation gas;" used by 1% of civilian planes	75	21
"Jet fuel," used by some military planes, but declining	77	27	per gallon
Petroleum coke	97	32
Lubricants	89	28			Omits production & delivery
Butane	69	15
Tires, tire-derived fuel	82	3	per pound
Municipal solid waste	86	1.0
Crude oil	71	951	per barrel (42 gallons)
	Source: EIA Emission Coefficient				http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.html
9 - Land Clearance	Kg CO2 per square meter		Pounds CO₂ per square foot		Spreadsheet has complete sources and calculation
Equatorial Forests in Tropics	87	-105	18	-21	IF CLEARED
Equatorial Forests in Tropics	103	-122	21	-25	IF FLOODED (When land is flooded by a dam, more carbon-equivalent is released than when the same land is cleared, since flooding converts carbon to methane which has a stronger greenhouse effect)
Seasonal Forests in Tropics	52	-78	11	-16	If cleared
Seasonal Forests in Tropics	65	-89	13	-18	If flooded
Dry Forests in Tropics	34	-58	7	-12	If cleared
Dry Forests in Tropics	43	-69	9	-14	If flooded
Temperate & Northern Forests	33	-43	7	-9	If cleared
Temperate & Northern Forests	33	-40	7	-8	If flooded (Less methane in cold climates than in the tropics)
	Sources: 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories,				http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/4_Volume4/V4_04_Ch4_Forest_Land.pdf
	Gibbs et al., "Monitoring and estimating tropical forest carbon stocks,"				http://www.sage.wisc.edu/pubs/articles/F-L/Gibbs/gibbsERLarticle2007.pdf
	Soil data from Houghton+Hackler. CDIAC 2001, Carbon Flux to the Atmosphere from Land-Use Changes: 1850 to 1990				http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/epubs/ndp/ndp050/ndp050appC.html
Contact us
Notes are at http://Your.CO2List.org and complete sources and calculations are at xls.CO2List.org Data from US, except:
‡ Data are from UK
† Data are from Australia

	Conversion Factors Used
kilos/pound	0.4536
sq.feet/sq.meter	10.7639	4.8824	convert lb/sf to kg/sq.m
cubic yard/cubic meter	1.3080	0.5933	convert lb/cu.yd to kg/cu.meter
gallons/liter	0.2641721	0.1198	convert lb/gallon to kg/liter
kwh/megajoule	0.2777778	0.1260	convert lb/kwh to kg/megajoule
mile/kilometer	0.6214	0.2818	convert lb/mi to kg/km
ton/tonne	1.1023	0.3107	convert lb/ton-mile to kg/tonne-km